Chapter IV. Choices by substantive harmonization
(Page 389 – 770)
Choices, Limits and Consequences of Harmonisation of Commercial Law (1st Ed.)
Ingen adgang
Adgang til fuld tekst
  • Luk
  • Udvid

Choices, Limits and Consequences of Harmonisation of Commercial Law (1st Ed.)

The Circle of Law Harmonisation

Forfattere:
Morten M. Fogt
Udgivelsesdato:
31 Jan 2023
ISBN:
9788771986617
Omslag Choices, Limits and Consequences of Harmonisation of Commercial Law (1st Ed.)
Front Matter
Kolofon og forside
Show Items
Preface: Topic, aim and focus
Show Items
Table of Contents (PDF version only)
Show Items
Chapter I. Introduction
(Page 23 – 66)
Show Items
Chapter II. Means and methods of harmonization
(Page 67 – 322)
Show Items
Chapter III. The role of private international law in the process of harmonisation of substantive commercial law
(Page 323 – 388)
Show Items
1 Choice of forum: National, regional or global
2 Choice of judicial body: National, regional or global courts and tribunals
3 Choice of legal method and regulation by principles or rules
a) Legal method by instruments of harmonisation
b) Choice of regulation by principles or rules
4 Choice of legal concepts, terms and their definitions
a) Utilisation of legal concepts and terms
b) Common known concepts and terms
c) National concepts and terms
d) Sui generis autonomous concepts and terms
e) Unbridgeable national concepts and terms
1) Exclusion of certain areas or legal issues (external gaps)
2) Neutral functional concepts – A realistic functional approach
3) Uniform definition but characterisation of categories according to the otherwise national applicable law
5 Choice of scope
a) Material scope
1) Competing claims or rights in national law – Exclusion, limitation or permission
aa) Exclusion in transport law
bb) No express solution in CISG
cc) Permission in Cape Town
dd) Conclusion: An express choice of exclusion/limitation or permission
2) Positive list of included issues
3) Negative list of excluded issues
4) Pre-emption (exclusion) or competition
b) Geographical scope
1) Universal application
2) Universal application limited to international cases
3) Requirement of a relationship to contracting states
4) Private international law rules
c) Personal scope
1) Distinction between commercial and private (consumer) transactions – The decline of the freedom of contract
2) Article 2 a) CISG ‘conflict scenario’
3) Possible options regarding the personal scope
4) Ratio legis of the consumer sales exclusion in ULIS and Article 2 a) CISG
5) Subsequent objective exclusions of ‘private’ consumer transactions
6) Choice between the possible options
d) Temporal scope – Intertemporal private law
1) General principles of intertemporal private law (le droit transitoire)
2) Intertemporal rules in instruments of harmonisation
3) Intertemporal rules in ULIS, ULF and CISG
aa) Contract formation Part II of the CISG
bb) Sales law Part III of the CISG
4) Intertemporal rules in Cape Town
5) Conclusion
6 Choice of type of instrument
7 Choice of permissive or mandatory character
a) Mandatory character of treaty and interpretation provisions
b) General permissive character and party autonomy
c) Mixed permissive and mandatory character
d) General mandatory character
e) International principles and mandatory national law
8 Choice of interpretation principles and guidelines
a) Distinction between contract interpretation and law interpretation
b) Mandatory or permissive character of provisions on treaty interpretation
c) Uniform interpretation of conventions harmonising commercial law – lex generalis interpretation principles in Articles 31-32 VCLT and lex specialis provisions
d) The model provision in Article 7 LPISG/CISG and its modification
e) International character and the need to promote uniformity
f) The content of the legal obligation ‘regard is to be had’
1) Context and systematical interpretation – Micro and macro context
aa) Internal micro context
bb) External micro context
cc) Inter-conventional or inter-instrumental macro context
2) Foreign case law and doctrine
aa) Ex officio obligation of ‘regard is to be had’
bb) The uncertain concept of ‘prevailing view’ (or ‘herrschende Meinung’)
aaa) The concept ‘prevailing view’ in case law and doctrine
bbb) Guidelines on use of the concept ‘prevailing view’ and the like
cc) Consistent national or regional case law and doctrine – A risk of indirect legal ‘imperalism’?
3) Reference to travaux préparatoires and other supplementary means
aa) Special features of instruments on harmonisation of private law – Increased value of legislative history
bb) Impact of the demand to have regard to the international character and the need to promote uniformity
g) Observance of good faith in interpretation and international trade
1) Public international law dimension
aa) The general requirement of good faith
bb) The qualifier ‘in international trade’
2) Private (commercial) legal relationship between parties
3) Recommendable solution for the concept of good faith
h) The need to promote predictability in application
1) The question of inappropriateness of good faith
aa) CARIT 2001
bb) Cape Town 2001
cc) Identical rationale about the inappropriateness of the good faith principle regarding property (third party) aspects
dd) Conclusion regarding interpretation of CARIT and Cape Town
2) Applicability and meaning of the requirement for ‘predictability’
aa) Treaty interpretation
bb) Applicability as between the contracting parties
i) Regional autonomous and teleological interpretation
j) The importance of preambular and recitative texts as pretext to instruments of harmonisation
k) Conclusion on choice of interpretation provision and guidelines
9 Choice of gap-filling rule
a) The concept and definition of ‘gaps’: Gaps intra legem and praeter legem
b) The concept of ‘gap-filling’ in the sense of analogous interpretation or application of open-ended general principles
c) Mandatory or permissive character of gap-filling provisions in a binding instrument of harmonisation
d) Methods of gap-filling – possible choices
1) Reference to national law by virtue of PIL
2) Reference to general principles
aa) Article 17 ULIS and previous drafts
bb) The potential of Article 17 ULIS as model provision for global or regional harmonisation
cc) New model provision on gap-filling in UNCITRAL model laws
aaa) The creation of the new model provision on gap-filling in UNCITRAL model laws
bbb) Model provision on gap-filling in subsequent UNCITRAL model laws
ccc) The effect in national law
3) Combination of general principles and national law
aa) The compromise gap-filling solution
bb) The application in doctrine and case law of the model gap-filling provision in CISG
aaa) Interpretation of express general principles and gap-filling with underlying principles
bbb) Conclusion based on experience with the model provision in Article 7(2) CISG – Tendency and risk of overworking the gap-filling tool
4) Omission of a gap-filling provision – A new 2009 UNIDROIT model provision?
aa) The legislative history according to the travaux préparatoires
bb) Conclusion – An editorial drafting or material change of the standard provision on gap-filling in Article 7(2) CISG?
aaa) The gap-filling according to Article 4 Convention on Intermediated Securities 2009
bbb) The dubious effect of deletion of the reference to the principle of good faith
e) Conclusion on choice of gap-filling provision and guidelines
10 Choice and deduction of general principles
a) Working definition of ‘general principles’
b) Different functions of general principles
c) Qualification of general private law principles
d) General principles of instruments of substantive harmonisation
1) Common general principles of commercial private law – comparative foundation
2) Overarching policy statements and general principles in preambles and recitals
aa) The CISG preamble – a first generation preambular text
bb) The Cape Town preamble – a second generation preambular text
cc) Conclusion and proposal for a third generation preambular text
3) Express (underlying) general principles in CISG and Cape Town
aa) The freedom of contract
bb) The principles of binding effect of established practice and international trade usage
cc) The principle of freedom of form or writing requirement
dd) Examples of further express general principles
4) Implied (underlying) general principles in CISG and Cape Town
5) External general principles or the lex mercatoria outside an instrument of harmonisation (CISG and Cape Town)
aa) Promotion of application in the preamble to international rules and principles
bb) Doubtful case law on the application of CISG and UPICC as the new lex mercatoria
e) Conclusion on choice and deduction of general principles for the purpose of substantive harmonisation
11 Choice of legal sources for interpretation and gap-filling
12 Choice of time
Chapter V. Guidelines and conclusion for harmonisation of substantive commercial law
(Page 771 – 852)
Show Items
Back Matter
Abbreviations
Show Items
Index of selected literature
Show Items
Index of legislation, conventions, model laws, principles and trade terms
Show Items
Index of cases
Show Items
Index – EU decisions, opinions and agreements
Show Items
Index
Show Items
Titel:
Choices, Limits and Consequences of Harmonisation of Commercial Law (1st Ed.)
Kapiteltitel:
Chapter IV. Choices by substantive harmonization
Forfattere:
Morten M. Fogt
Udgivelsesdato:
31 Jan 2023
P-ISBN:
9788757452877
e-ISBN:
9788771986617
Emner:
Tingsret
Type:
Kapitel